Passage -1

In contemporary usage, constitutional morality has come to refer to the substantive content of a constitution. To be governed by a constitutional morality is, on this view, to be governed by the substantive moral entailment any constitution carries. For instance, the principle of non-discrimination is often taken to be an element of our modern constitutional morality. In this sense, constitutional morality is the morality of a constitution.

Q1) According to the passage, what is the relationship between morality and the constitution?

Passage -2

The first possibility, the extinction of the human race, is not to be expected in the next world war, unless that war is postponed for a longer time than now seems probable. But if the next world war is indecisive, or if the victors are unwise, and if organized states survive it, a period of feverish technical development may be expected to follow its conclusion. With vastly more powerful means of utilizing atomic energy than those now available, it is thought by many sober men of science that radioactive clouds, drifting round the world, may disintegrate living tissue everywhere. Although the last survivor may proclaim himself universal Emperor, his reign will be brief and his subjects will all he corpses. With his death the uneasy episode of life will end, and the peaceful rocks will revolve unchanged until the sun explodes.

Q2)What is the main idea of the passage?

According to the passage, what will happen when the last survivor proclaims himself Emperor?

Passage -3

My question is “After all we’ve evolved from, why can we still not control some of our animal-like instincts?” One possible answer is that no matter how much we evolve, we will always just be fancy apes. The fact that most people can contain the violent thoughts they have is a sign that wehave evolved from the apes, at least a little bit.

However, there are still some people that act on these violent thoughts.

How could some humans evolve from apes more than others? My thought is that maybe the humans that try to contain their violent instincts are attempting to hide whothey truly are: fancy apes. Maybe the people that we callsick, crazy monstrosities are the only true human beings.The quote “His old impulses have been with him formillions of years, his new ones only a few thousand at themost – and there is no hope of quickly shrugging off the accumulated genetic legacy of his whole revolutionary past.

Q4What is the main idea of the passage?

What is the genetic legacy of humans?

Can humans quickly overcome their genetic legacy?

Passage -4

In “womanless” disciplines, women’s experiences are thought to be too unimportant to be a focus of inquiry. So, for example, history has been Taught as an account of men’s public achievements, and literature as the writings of great male authors. In the psychology of the past 50 years, “womanlessness” was reflected in the  disproportionate use of males as experimental subjects, in the failure to examine gender differences when both sexes were used as subjects, in the assumption that conclusions  drawn from  the study of male  behavior  applied to  women,  and more generally in the lack of attention to gender as a category of social reality. Several feminist critiques of research methodology have called attention to the practices of  “womanless” psychology and its  underlying assumption that women  are uninteresting or unworthy of study.

Historically, much of psychological inquiry has been virtually “woman-less,” not only in its subject of inquiry, but in the place allowed women in the profession itself. Women did not have control over the resources needed

for the production of knowledge, and the topics and methods of accepted scholarship were defined in ways that were exclusionary at best and mis-ogynist at worst.

“Womanless” psychology not only omitted the consideration of women and women’s experiences, it also authorised and validated the view that those activities in which  men engage are the activities central to human.

Q7 Q1 What is the main focus of feminist critiques of research methodology?

As per the above passage, what is the main issue with "womanless" psychology?

Based on the passage, which of the following are validated by pursuing  "womanless" psychology in various disciplines?

If the area of a circle is equal to the area of a triangle, which of the following must be true?