Current Affair 1:

Gravitational wave background

 

Telescopes around the world have made a remarkable discovery known as the “gravitational wave background.”

Science topics are difficult to understand. The explanation mentioned below is the simplest explanation for this topic. Read.

A gravitational wave is a ripple in space-time caused by a violent event somewhere in the universe. They were predicted by Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity in 1916. It also predicted that massive accelerating objects would disrupt space-time in waves traveling out into the universe, in all directions, at the speed of light. The 2016 detection of gravitational waves proved that prediction when Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) physically sensed gravitational waves generated by two colliding black holes 1.3 billion light-years away. These were short-wavelength gravitational waves.

What’s now been discovered is a cosmic background,

a web of long-wavelength gravitational waves. They’re thought to come from two supermassive black holes orbiting each other.

A black hole is a region in space where gravity is so intense that nothing can escape—even light. A supermassive black hole weighs billions of times the mass of our sun.

It’s not just what we know, but how we know it that makes astronomy such a fascinating subject. Let’s start with a really simple visualization.

Imagine the universe as a lake with boater rhythmically paddling around it. Two motor boats are going around in a circle, following each other and sending out ripples that cause the boater to wobble(लड़खड़ाना ) and the boaters’ rhythmic paddling to be slightly altered. Now have dozens of pairs of speed boats all doing the same thing.

This is similar to what the scientists have seen. They monitored the light from 25 pulsars, the cores of dead stars that rotate every millisecond, sending out highly predictable radio signals. Astronomers call them cosmic clocks. They’re the boaters’ paddles—and astronomers have noticed slight variations in their rhythms that reveal a web of ripple-like disruptions.

The speed boats, of course, are the supermassive black holes orbiting each other, creating the ripples. What the scientists want to do next is to trace these cosmic ripples, each of which carries information about their origins and clues about the nature of gravity itself—back to the supermassive black hole binaries they’re searching for.

After all, astronomers have yet to confirm the existence of a single supermassive black hole binary.

Current Affair 2:

Solar Geoengineering'

 

Geoengineering is conventionally split into two broad categories:

The first is carbon geoengineering, often also called carbon dioxide removal (cdr). The other is solar geoengineering, often also called solar radiation management (srm), albedo modification, or sunlight reflection. There are large differences.

Now, lets see both the terms:

Carbon geoengineering seeks to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which would address the root cause of climate change — the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In the chain from emissions to concentrations to temperatures to impacts, it breaks the link from emissions to concentrations.

Solar geoengineering seeks to reflect a small fraction of sunlight back into space or increase the amount of solar radiation that escapes back into space to cool the planet. In contrast to carbon geoengineering, solar geoengineering does not address the root cause of climate change. It instead aims to break the link from concentrations to temperatures, thereby reducing some climate damages.

Different Technologies:

There are several proposed solar geoengineering technologies. These include marine cloud brightening, cirrus cloud thinning, space-based techniques, and stratospheric aerosol scattering, amongst others.

 

Marine cloud brightening would attempt to brighten marine clouds to reflect more sunlight back into space.

Cirrus cloud thinning would attempt to reduce the thin, high-altitude cirrus clouds to emit more long-wave radiation from the earth to space.

Space-based technologies would attempt to reflect a small fraction of sunlight away from the earth by positioning sun shields in space.

Lastly, stratospheric aerosol scattering would introduce tiny reflective particles, such as sulfate aerosols or perhaps calcium carbonate, into the upper atmosphere, where they could scatter a small fraction of sunlight back into space.

Current Affair 3:

Just read first basic introduction:

 

What is coal gasification?

It is the process of producing syngas, a mixture consisting carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), natural gas (CH4), and water vapour (H2O).

Current Affair 4:

Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC)

 

You will read full image posted below. Don’t skip any point.

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