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After Britain and France left India, it was expected that Portugal would leave too. But Portugal refused. Emphasizing that it had been in Goa for centuries, Portugal said that the Goan Catholics would not be safe if it left.

In 1955, India even imposed an economic blockade on Goa.

In 1961, the Indian army invaded the state (‘Operation Vijay’) after the Portuguese fired at Indian fishing boats, killing one fisherman.

After 36 hours of air, sea, and land strikes by the army, General Manuel Antonio Vassalo e Silva, governor-general of Goa, signed the "instrument of surrender", handing over Goan territory to India.

Nehru was the Prime Minister.

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